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Deadline: October 4th. In honoring the wishes of the late American tenor and Hollywood movie star of the 1. Mario Lanza Institute Scholarship Program has been established to provide four awards ranging in value from $1,0. United States and foreign countries. Vocalists must submit proof of age, a statement describing their goals in continuing vocal studies, and perform three opera arias showing their vocal performance abilities. Contact. Mario Lanza Institute Scholarship Program. Montrose Street. Philadelphia, PA 1. Michael Jackson Scholarship. Deadline: November 7th. Awarded annually for up to $5,0. United Negro College Fund (UNCF), the Michael Jackson Scholarship is designed to lower college expenses for African American students majoring in fine arts, communications, performing arts, drama, visual arts, or vocal performance. Eligible applicants must be U. S. National Young. Arts Foundation Scholarships. Deadline: October 1. For up to $1. 0,0. National Young. 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In memory of the endless enthusiasm of an original member of the Harrisburg Singers who died in 1. Patricia Reber Memorial Scholarship is awarded each year for $1,0. Recipients from Adams, Cumberland, Dauphin, Franklin, Lancaster, Lebanon, Perry, or York Counties of Pennsylvania will be chosen after submitting an audition tape. Contact. Patricia Reber Memorial Scholarship. Limestone Drive. Harrisburg, PA 1. Gordon Hinners Scholarship Fund. Deadline: March 1. Created by the St. Charles Singers to honor his dedication in serving 4. Music Director, the R. Gordon Hinners Scholarship Fund is open to talented graduating seniors from Batavia, Geneva, Kaneland, Wheaton North, or Wheaton- Warrenville High Schools in Illinois. We specialize in helping students and young professionals find the right internship to kick start their career. It’s no secret that internships are the most effective way for students to gain work experience before graduation. In fact, studies show that 7 out of 1. 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Second, the end of the Cold War in 1. UN peacekeeping missions along with disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs (DDR) over the course of the following two decades. The combination of global attention on children’s rights and to international intervention in civil conflicts led to the third event, which was the 1. UN report by Gra. The report estimated that there were approximately 3. Rachel Brett and Margaret Mc. Callin (Hart, Jason, 2. These three events brought the issue of child soldiering to the forefront, and as a result both the international community and academics have been interested in understanding who child soldiers are, what they do and how they are demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life. In an effort to help practitioners develop and implement better DDR programs, this article identifies the problems and “best practices” of DDR programs put forward in the literature and contextualizes them within the on- going philosophical debate between the proponents of the universalism of children’s rights and the proponents of the cultural relativity of childhood and children’s rights. By contextualizing the practical within the philosophical, we can see how the current impasse of the philosophical debate and its framing of the practical issues leads to important gaps and blind spots in the research and evaluation of DDR programming. As the notion of child soldiering and the participation in armed conflict is in direct contradiction to the post- modern Western definition and understanding of childhood (Hart, Jason, 2. CAUCS, n. d.). Consequently, the broader issue of child soldiering and the more specific issue of their demobilization and reintegration into civilian life are part of the on- going debate between the proponents of the universalism of children’s rights and the proponents of a culturally sensitive understanding of children’s rights. The universalist perspective of children’s rights believes that “childhood constitutes a coherent group or a state defined by identical needs and desires, regardless of class, ethnic, or racial differences . Since children across the world are deemed to have the same needs universalists believe that the same support and protection mechanisms can and should be applied to children world- wide. On the other hand, cultural relativists argue that childhood is “a social construction; its meaning is negotiated between different individuals and groups, often with conflicting interests. Thus, childhood is relative” (Fernando, Jude, 2. Cultural relativists therefore critique the universalist perspective for ignoring the “social, cultural, and political diversity of the meaning of childhood and hence of children’s rights in different cultures” (Fernando, Jude, 2. They advocate for a better understanding of the local conditions and dynamics that define and shape the experience of the child soldier as well as his/her perception of these experiences. Indeed, one of the biggest critiques advanced by the cultural relativists is the fact that the “advocacy agenda has been articulated and pursued not only with little attention to what their humanitarian colleagues in the field know, but also without sufficient analysis of the political, social, economical, and military dynamics of particular conflicts” (Cohn, Ilene, 2. Consequently, concerning the issue of child soldiers, Alexandre Vautravers (2. International Community must . The military use of children takes three. Despite a widely publicized child demobilization program. The law's definition of child soldiers includes 'any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in. The Green to Gold Program is designed for soldiers interested in going from enlisted to officer upon completion of their degree. Learn more at goarmy.com. These contrasting perspectives not only influence the theoretical framing of this issue but also greatly influence the development and implementation of the DDR programs that are intended to meet the needs of child soldiers. The universalist vs. The author strongly advocates for a more culturally sensitive and nuanced understanding of the phenomenon of child soldiers in order for the international community to appropriately and effectively deal with this issue. This publication is indicative of the type of research dominating the discussion of child soldiers and their reintegration. While the literature on international conventions that regulate the use of child soldiers and the literature on the community level implementation of DDR programs from the international organizations’ perspective are thick and rich, the literature presenting the communities’ perspective is more limited, while the literature presenting the child soldiers’ perspective barely exists. In an effort to contribute to this debate, the following questions need to be asked: What do the universalists identify as being the main problems and difficulties of current DDR programs for child soldiers? What do the cultural relativists identify as being the main problems and difficulties? What are the common concerns and points of contention? In order to answer these questions, the international definition of a child soldier and a description of DDR programs for child soldiers will be presented, followed by the problems and difficulties of DDR programs identified by the universalists and the cultural relativists, an analysis of these issues, a general critique of the literature, and suggestions for further research. International Definition of a Child Soldier. The post- modern Western notion of childhood defines children as weak, vulnerable, irresponsible, and innocent in comparison to adults who are said to be strong, mature, intelligent and responsible for their actions (Rosen, David, 2.
Shepler, Susan, 2. It is therefore generally agreed upon (from this perspective) that children should not engage in armed conflict. As a result, the debate over the definition of a child soldier at the international level has revolved primarily around the issue of age, that is, what age distinguishes a child from an adult? The implications of this debate pertain to responsibility and accountability for one’s actions, that is, at what age can one demonstrate agency of thought and action and therefore be responsible for those thoughts and actions? By seeking to distinguish children from adults based on agency and responsibility it is assumed that children are not responsible for their thoughts and actions while adults are in full control of the latter and can therefore be held accountable. Consequently, the post- modern Western notion of childhood as a time of innocence, inexperience and vulnerability is transposed to the issue of child soldiers through the development and implementation of international tools that define and regulate the use of child soldiers. The main organizations involved in the development and adoption of these international tools are the United Nations (UN), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Office of the Special Representative of Children and Armed Conflict (OSRCAC), International non- governmental organizations (INGO), such as Save the Children, and human rights groups, such as the Coalition Against the Use of Child Soldiers (CAUCS). As these organizations are all Western based and apply a rights- based approach to the problem, the post- modern Western notion of a child and of childhood guides the definition and regulation of child soldiers. Although the 1. 94. Geneva Conventions were the first international conventions to “specifically provide for children in situations of armed conflict” (Kuper, Jenny, 2. Additional Protocols I and II that specifically deal with the issue of child soldiers. Protocol Additional I applies to interstate wars and sets the minimum age of participation in armed conflict at fifteen. Although it encourages state parties to prioritize the recruitment of older children first (1. Kuper, Jenny, 2. 00. Rosen, David, 2. 00. As for Protocol Additional II, it applies to intrastate wars and presents a “comprehensive ban on the use of any person under 1. Rosen, David, 2. 00. In other words, children under the age of 1. According to David Rosen (2. Protocols which, at the time, included governments that had benefited from the use of child soldiers in their own anti- colonial and national liberation struggles and sought to protect their access to this resource while denying it to potential future insurgencies or civil wars against their own governments. Twelve years later, the 1. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) became the most comprehensive international convention on children’s rights and defined a child as being a person under the age of eighteen. However, for child soldiers, the cut off age of 1. CRC 1. 98. 9 . Although the CRC is internationally lauded as being the most comprehensive tool for the recognition and respect of children’s rights and is the most ratified convention in history, many parties involved in the drafting of the Convention, such as UNICEF and a variety of human rights and children’s rights groups, strongly advocated for a comprehensive ban of any person under the age of 1. Lee, Ah- Jung, 2. Rosen, David, 2. 00. As a result, the 1. Cape Town Principles, led by UNICEF, the 1. African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, the 1. International Labour Organisation’s Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour (which defines child soldiering as one of the worst forms of child labour) and the 2. Optional Protocol to the CRC on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict set the age of 1. Francis, David, 2. Rosen, David, 2. 00. However, it is important to note that the 1. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, which defines the recruitment and use of child soldiers as a war crime in both interstate and intrastate wars, uses the age of 1. Cohn, Ilene, 2. 00. Francis, David, 2. Kargbo, Franklyn, 2. Rosen, David, 2. 00. Singer, Peter, 2. As we can see from these international tools, children under the age of 1. A trauma is a shocking and scary event that you see or that happens to you. During this type of event, you think that your life or others' lives are in danger. You may feel afraid or think that you have no control over what is happening. Going through trauma is not rare. About 6 of every 1. Women are more likely to experience sexual assault and child sexual abuse. Men are more likely to experience accidents, physical assault, combat, disaster, or to witness death or injury. Going through a trauma does not mean you'll get PTSD, though. Even though over half of us go through some type of trauma, a much smaller percent develop PTSD. Here are some facts (based on the U. S. About 8 million adults have PTSD during a given year. This is only a small portion of those who have gone through a trauma. Learn more about women, trauma and PTSD. Who is most likely to develop PTSD? Although most people who go through trauma will not get PTSD, you are more likely to develop PTSD if you: Were directly exposed to the trauma as a victim or a witness Were seriously hurt during the event Went through a trauma that was long- lasting or very severe Believed that you were in danger Believed that a family member was in danger Had a severe reaction during the event, such as crying, shaking, vomiting, or feeling apart from your surroundings Felt helpless during the trauma and were not able to help yourself or a loved one. You are also more likely to develop PTSD if you: Had an earlier life- threatening event or trauma, such as being abused as a child Have another mental health problem Have family members who have had mental health problems Have little support from family and friends Have recently lost a loved one, especially if it was not expected Have had recent, stressful life changes Drink a lot of alcohol Are a woman Are poorly educated Are younger. Some groups of people, including African- Americans and Hispanics, may be more likely than whites to develop PTSD. This may be because these groups are more likely to go through a trauma. For example, in Veterans who survived Vietnam, a larger percent of African- Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans were in combat than whites. Your culture may also affect how you react to trauma. For example, people from groups that are open and willing to talk about problems may be more willing to seek help. PTSD and the Military When you are in the military, you may see combat. You may have been on missions that exposed you to horrible and life- threatening experiences. You may have been shot at, seen a buddy get shot, or seen death. These types of events can lead to PTSD. The number of Veterans with PTSD varies by service era: Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Enduring Freedom (OEF): About 1. Veterans (or between 1. OIF or OEF have PTSD in a given year. Gulf War (Desert Storm): About 1. Gulf War Veterans (or 1. PTSD in a given year. Vietnam War: About 1. Vietnam Veterans (or 1. PTSD at the time of the most recent study in the late 1. National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS). It is estimated that about 3. Vietnam Veterans have had PTSD in their lifetime. Other factors in a combat situation can add more stress to an already stressful situation. This may contribute to PTSD and other mental health problems. These factors include what you do in the war, the politics around the war, where the war is fought, and the type of enemy you face. Another cause of PTSD in the military can be military sexual trauma (MST). This is any sexual harassment or sexual assault that occurs while you are in the military. MST can happen to both men and women and can occur during peacetime, training, or war. Among Veterans who use VA health care, about: 2. There are many more male Veterans than there are female Veterans. So, even though military sexual trauma is more common in women Veterans, over half of all Veterans with military sexual trauma are men. Sources. This fact sheet is based on a more detailed version located in the . Immigration Policy Program . Immigrant Population Spotlights. Want to learn more about immigrants to the United States from Mexico, India, Canada, or many other countries? Spotlights from MPI's online journal, the Migration Information Source, use the latest data to provide information on size, geographic distribution, and socioeconomic characteristics of particular immigrant groups, including English proficiency, educational and professional attainment, income and poverty, health coverage, and remittances. MPI’s Ramah McKay examines the family reunification program, which accounts for approximately two-thirds of permanent immigration to the U.S. Obama defiant, vows immigration action this year. Fixing Our Broken Immigration System Through Executive Action - Key Facts. Immigrate to Alberta through the Alberta Immigrant Nominee Program, or apply for Canadian permanent residence through Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada. Learn if you are eligible to submit a Canadian immigration application under the Quebec Skilled Worker Program, one of Canada’s most popular immigration programs.Immigration programs you can apply for and information about what may make you inadmissible to Canada. Improving Canada’s Caregiver Program. Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) would like your feedback on immigration to Canada. Specifically, we want feedback on setting immigration levels. This means the number of new permanent residents that Canada should plan. The Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) enables DHS to work with state and local law enforcement to take custody of individuals who pose a danger to public safety before those. Immigration to Canada is the process by which. Further, much of the immigration to the United. Canada has also created a VIP Business Immigration Program which allows immigrants with sufficient business. As a WF member, you can also receive . This is easily done. OUR. members. Simply select the results you wish to achieve, your fitness/experience. Please note. that some of the exercise's demonstrations and instructions require. To find out more about WF membership, please visit our. Membership Information section. Each program is 1. When you've completed your first 1. Phase 1), you can go on to the next program ; or develop your own. Strength. Training Contents (on- line . And feel assured, our fitness expert. Find more programs articles and videos at Bodybuilding.com. Programs The Ultimate Beginner's Full-Body Workout Beginners. Muscle Groups 30-Minute Upper-Body Workout For Women These 30-minute. Moreover, women who did lower-intensity activities such as walking, gardening. Senior Exercise - Programs. What senior exercise programs do you, or have you participated in; and what benefits did you notice? Personal Trainer Kai Wheeler demonstrates a basic no equipment workout for beginners. Each 1. 2- week program includes the exercises you should do for each muscle. In. addition, you'll find a program explanation (what, why, when, in which. We also design strength training program for women suffering from pain and injury to help the regain strength and muscle tone . To know more about strength training log on to. Fitness Programs; Exercise Library; Healthy Living; Nutrition; Expert Insight; Research & Studies; Join Our Community; Find an ACE PRO; ACE Fit Store; About Us. Women fitness beginners strength training exercise program for women. Strength Training Programs are customized to your experience and fitness level. Workout Routines for Beginners: How to create workout routines for specific fitness goals and use the FITT principle to lose weight or gain muscle. |
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